Publications on Annular Clearance Pressure
Seals July
18, 2024
MAJOR APPLICATION: Process fluid lubrication, compressor and
pumps High Speed / High Pressure Turbulent
Flow Seals
Sponsors: NASA Glenn RC
(1993-1996), Pratt & Whitney (1992-93), Torishima
Pumps, MHI, TAMU Turbomachinery Research Consortium (TRC)
MAJOR TOPICS: Select below
Gas Seals: Wet Gas Seals,
Honeycomb, Pocket Damper & Labyrinth Seals
Liquid Seals: Turbulent Flow Annular Seals,
including 2-phase flow (wet)
Bulk
flow models and CFD models
Available TRC
reports 1990-2022
Reviews
San Andrés, L., 2023, “A Review of
Turbine and Compressor Aerodynamic Forces in Turbomachinery”, Lubricants 2023, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11010026
(Special Issue Fluid–Structure Interaction in Bearings and
Seals)
San Andrés, L., and Delgado, A., 2022, “Annular Clearance Seals in the 21st
Century: a Review of the Experimental Record on Leakage and Dynamic Force
Coefficients, Including Comparisons of Model Predictions to Test Data.” https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/197707
51st Turbomachinery and Pump Symposia,
The Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Sept. 13, Houston, TX
Invited
World
Tribology Congress – July 11-15 (Lyon, France) 2022 – Keynote Lecture
San Andrés, L., Delgado. A., 2022, “Annular
Clearance Seals: Models and Measurements for Leakage, Force Coefficients and
their Effect on Rotor Stability,” (Tutorial), 2022 Asia Turbomachinery
Symposium, May, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Torres, J., San Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2022, “Leakage and
Dynamic Force coefficients for a
Stepped Shaft Labyrinth Seal and a Stepped Pocket Damper Seal,” (Lecture), 2022 Asia Turbomachinery
Symposium, May, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Childs,
D., Yang, J., San Andrés, L., Torres, R., and Moreland, A., 2021, “Measured
Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients for the Following Liquid Annular
Seals: (a) Smooth-Rotor/Grooved-Stator, and
(b) Grooved-Rotor/Smooth-Stator,” (Lecture), 2021 (Virtual) Asia
Turbomachinery Symposium, February, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Delgado. A., San Andrés, L., Thiele, J.,
Yang, J., and Cangioli, F., 2020, “Rotordynamic
Performance of a Fully-Partitioned Damper Seal: Experimental and Numerical
Results,” Proc. of the 49th Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia,
Houston, TX (December) https://tps.tamu.edu
San Andrés, L., Yang, J., and Kawashita,
R., 2021, “Measurement
and Prediction of Leakage and Cavity Pressures in a 0.3 mm Clearance
Interlocking Labyrinth Seal With Three Swirl Brake Designs,” KRMEA-19,
Conference of the Korean Rotating Machinery Engineering Association, Seoul,
South Korea, November.
San Andrés, L, and Lu, L., and Z.
Jie, 2018,
“Leakage and Force Coefficients for Pump Annular Seals Operating with Air/Oil
Mixtures: Measurements Vs Predictions and Air Injection to Increase Seal
Dynamic Stiffness,” Turbomachinery and Pump Symposia, The Turbomachinery
Laboratory, Texas A&M University, September, Houston, https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/175007
San Andrés, L, Lu, L., and Z. Jie, 2018, “On the Leakage
and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of Pump Annular Seals Operating with
Air/Oil Mixtures: Measurements and Predictions,” II Asia Turbomachinery and
Pump Symposium, The Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Mar.
13–15, Singapore, http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/172516
Wet
& Bubbly Seals (Multiple phase)
San Andrés, L., Lu, X., and Wu, Tingcheng, 2024, “Wet (Bubbly Liquid) Seals for Multiphase Pumps:
Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients of Two seals and a Simple Way to Control
Seal Stiffness in Vertical Pump Configurations.” Turbomachinery and Pump Symposia, The
Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, August, Houston,
Torres, J., and San Andrés, L., 2024, “Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of Two
Seal Types Operating with Wet Gas,” ASME
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 146(3):
031016, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063551 ASME Paper GT2023-100555.
Yang, J., Tran, D., and San Andrés, L., 2023,
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis and Experimental Results for the Dynamic
Performance of Two Long Smooth Surface Annular Seals Operating With a Liquid in
Air Mixture,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines
Power, Vol. 145(11): 111012, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063309 (ASME Paper GT2023-103202)
Torres, J.,
San Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2023,
“A Stepped Shaft Labyrinth Seal vs. a
Pocket Damper Seal: Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients under Wet Gas
Operation,” ASME J. Eng. Gas
Turbines Power, Vol. 145(1): 011006.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055665
(ASME 2022-82280).
Wu, T., San Andres, L, and Lu, X, 2022, “Computational Fluid
Dynamics Analysis of the Influence of Gas Content on the Rotordynamic Force
Coefficients for a Circumferentially Grooved Annular Seal for Multiple Phase
Pumps,” ASME J. Tribology Vol. 144(11): 111803, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4054757
Lu, X., San
Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2022, “A Nonhomogeneous Bulk Flow Model for Gas in
Liquid Flow Annular Seals: An Effort to Produce Engineering Results,” ASME J. Tribology Vol. 144(6):
062302, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4052678
San Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2021,”An Analytical Two-Phase Flow
Model for Prediction of Leakage in Wet Gas Labyrinth Seals and Pocket Damper
Seals. Is Simplicity Still Desired?” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 143(12):
121016, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051916
(ASME
GT2021-58958).
Lu, X., San Andrés, L., and Wu, T., 2020, “Leakage and Force
Coefficients of a Grooved Wet (Bubbly Liquid) Seal for Multiple Phase Pumps and
Comparisons with Prior Results for a Three Wave Seal,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines
Power, Vol. 142(1):011011, DOI:10.1115/1.4044682 (ASME GT2019-90254)
Yang, J, San Andrés, L., and, Lu, X., 2019, “Leakage and Dynamic Force
Coefficients of a Pocket Damper Seal Operating Under a Wet Gas condition: Tests
vs. Predictions,”
ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(11):111001, DOI:
10.1115/1.4044307 (ASME GT2019-90331).
Lu, X., San Andrés, L., and Wu, T., 2019, “Leakage and Force Coefficients of a
Grooved Wet (Bubbly Liquid) Seal for Multiple Phase Pumps,” ASME GT2019-90254
Lu, X., and San Andrés, L., 2019,
“Step Clearance Seals: An Analysis to Demonstrate Their Unique Performance,”
ASME J. Tribology, Vol. 141(3), 032203, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041719
San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., 2019, “Leakage and Dynamic Force
Coefficients of a Three-Wave (Air in Oil) Wet Annular Seal: Measurements and
Predictions,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(3), 032503, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041270 (ASME GT20018-75200)
San Andrés, L., Yang, J., and Xu, L., 2019, “On the Leakage, Torque and
Dynamic Force Coefficients of an Air in Oil (Wet) Annular Seal: a CFD Analysis
Anchored to Test Data,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(2),
021008, DOI:
10.1115/1.4040766 (ASME GT20018-77140)
San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., 2018, “Leakage, Drag Power and
Rotordynamics Force Coefficients of an Air in Oil (Wet) Annular Seal,“ ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 140(1),
012505. DOI:
10.1115/1.4037622 (ASME GT2017-63254). 2018 Best Bearings & Seals
Paper Award –ASME (IGTI)
San Andrés, L., Liu, Q., and Lu, X., 2016, “Measurements of Flowrate
and Force Coefficients in a Short Length Annular Seal Supplied with a
Liquid/Gas Mixture (Stationary Journal), STLE Trib. Tran, Vol. 59(4),
pp. 758-767. DOI:
10.1080/10402004.2015.1102370
San Andrés, L., 2012, “Rotordynamic
Force Coefficients of Bubbly Mixture Annular Pressure Seals,”ASME J.
Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 134 (Feb), p. 022503. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004130
[ASME Paper GT2011-45264]
Yang, J., and San
Andrés, L., 2022, “Making Better Swirl Brakes Using
Computational Fluid Dynamics: Performance Enhancement From Geometry Variation,”
ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 144(2): 021027, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051962 (ASME GT2021-58956).
San Andrés, L., and Wu,
T., 2020, “Gas Labyrinth Seals: Improved Prediction of Leakage in Gas
Labyrinth Seals Using an Updated Kinetic Energy Carry-Over Coefficient,” ASME
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 142(12): 21012, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048434 (ASME
GT2020-14167).
Wu, T., and San Andrés, L, 2019, “Gas Labyrinth Seals: On the Effect of
Clearance and Operating Conditions on Wall Friction Factors – a CFD
Investigation,” Tribology International, Vol. 131, pp. 363-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.046
Wu, T. and San Andrés, L., 2019,
“Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for Two Labyrinth Gas Seals:
Teeth-on-Stator and Interlocking Configurations. A CFD approach to their
Performance,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(4),
042501, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041123 (ASME GT20018-75205)
Yang, J., and San
Andrés, L., 2019, “On the Influence of the Entrance
Section on the Rotordynamic Performance of a Pump Seal with Uniform Clearance:
a Sharp Edge vs. a Round Inlet,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power,
Vol. 141(3), 032109, DOI: 10.1115/1.4040742 (ASME GT20018-75414)
San Andrés, L., and
Yang, J., 2018, “The Influence of Corner Shape on the Static
and Dynamic Performance on an Annular Pressure Seal,” Proc.
Global Power and Propulsion Society Forum 18, Zurich, Switzerland, 10-12
January 2018, Paper
GPPS-2018-55 (www.gpps.global
)
Honeycomb, Pocket Damper & Labyrinth Seals –
Annular Clearance Gas Seals |
San Andrés, L., and Kawashita, R., 2024, “Measurement and Prediction of Leakage and Cavity
pressures in an Interlocking Labyrinth Seals Configured with Three Swirl
Brake Designs.” Turbomachinery and Pump
Symposia, The Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, August,
Houston, Delgado, A., San Andrés, L., Thiele, J.,
and Yang, J., 2023, “Experimental Force Coefficients
for a Fully-Partitioned Pocket Damper Seal and
Comparison to Other Two Seal Types,” ASME
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 145(5):
051019. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4056347 (ASME
GT2022-83164) San
Andrés, L., Yang, J., and Kawashita, R., 2021, “On the Effect of
Clearance on the Leakage and Cavity Pressures in an Interlocking Labyrinth
Seal Operating With and Without Swirl Brakes: Experiments and Predictions,” ASME
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 143(3): 031003, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048777
(ASME GT2020-14152). Yang,
J., San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., 2021, “On the Leakage and Dynamic Force
Coefficients of a Novel Stepped Shaft Pocket Damper Seal: Experimental and
Numerical Verification,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 143(3):
031002, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048459 (ASME GT2020-14153). San
Andrés, L., Wu, T., Barajas, J., Zhang, J., and Kawashita, R.,
2019, “Leakage and Cavity Pressures in an
Interlocking Labyrinth Gas Seal: Measurements vs. Predictions,” ASME J. Eng.
Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(10):101007,
DOI: 10.1115/1.4044284 (ASME GT2019-91507). Wu, T., and San Andrés, L., 2019,
“Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for Two Labyrinth Gas Seals: Teeth-on-Stator
and Interlocking Configurations. A CFD approach to their Performance,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(4), 042501, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041123 (ASME
GT20018-75205) San Andrés, L., and Soulas, T.,
2007, “A Bulk Flow Model for Off-Centered Honeycomb Gas Seals,” ASME Journal
of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 129, pp. 185-194. (ASME Paper
2002-GT-30286) Li, J., L.
San Andrés, R. Aguilar, and J.M.
Vance, 2000, “Dynamic Force Coefficients of a Multiple-Blade, Multiple-Pocket
Gas Damper Seal: Test Results and Analytical Validation," ASME Journal
of Tribology, Vol. 122, 1, pp. 317-322 (ASME Paper 99-TRIB-35). |
Li, J.,
Ransom, D., L. San Andrés, and J.M. Vance, 1999, "Comparison of
Predictions with Test Results for Rotordynamic Coefficients of a Four-Pocket
Gas Damper Seal," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 121, 2, pp. 363-369
(ASME Paper 98-TRIB-29). |
Ransom, D.,
J. Li, L. San Andrés, and J.M. Vance, 1999, "Experimental Force
Coefficients for a Two-Bladed Labyrinth Seal and a Four-Pocket Damper
Seal," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 121, 2, pp. 370-376 (ASME Paper
98-TRIB-28). |
Li, J., San
Andrés, L., and J. Vance, 1999, "Bulk Flow Analysis of Multiple-Pocket
Gas Damper Seals," ASME Journal of Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 121, 2,
pp. 355-362 (ASME Paper 98-GT-013). |
Ransom, D.,
and L. San Andrés, 1999, "Identification of Force Coefficients from a
Gas Annular Seal, Effect of Transition Flow Regime to Turbulence,"
Tribology Transactions, 42, 3, pp. 487-494 (STLE Paper No. 98-NP-5G-3). |
Marquette,
O., D. Childs, and L. San Andrés, 1997, "Eccentricity Effects on the Rotordynamic
Coefficients of Plain Annular Gas Seals: Theory Versus Experiment," ASME
Journal of Tribology, Vol. 119, 3, pp. 443-448(ASME Paper 96-TRIB-35). |
Yang, Z.,
L. San Andrés and D. Childs, 1994, "Dynamic Force Performance of Gas
Seals at Off-Center Conditions," STLE Tribology Transactions, Vol. 37,
1, pp. 33-44 |
Cardon,
B.P, Vance, J.M., San Andrés, L. and Storace, A., 1993, "A Gas Operated
Damper for Turbomachinery," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines
and Power, Vol. 115, 2, pp. 383-389 |
|
Childs, D., Yang, J., San Andrés, L., Torres,
R., and Moreland, A., 2023, “Measured Leakage and
Rotordynamic Force Coefficients for Two Liquid Annular Seal Configurations:
Smooth-Rotor/Grooved-Stator versus Grooved-Rotor/Smooth-Stator,” ASME J. Eng.
Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 145(3):
031005.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055638 (ASME GT2022-80073). Lu, X., and San Andrés, L., 2019, “Step Clearance Seals: An
Analysis to Demonstrate Their Unique Performance,” ASME J. Trib, Vol. 141(3),
032203, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041719 San Andrés, L., Wu, T., Maeda, H., and
Ono, T., 2018, “A Computational Fluid Dynamics
Modified Bulk-Flow Analysis for Circumferentially Shallow Grooved Liquid
Seals,” ASME
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 140(1), 012504. DOI: 10.1115/1.4037614 (ASME GT2017-63492) San Andrés, L., T. Soulas, and P. Fayolle, 2007, “A Bulk Flow
Model of Angled Injection Lomakin Bearing” ASME Journal of Engineering for
Gas Turbines and Power, 129, pp. 195-204. (ASME Paper
2002-GT-30287). Bulk
Flow Models: Liquid Seals for Cryogenic Turbo Pumps Two-Phase
Flow (Cryogenic Fluids) Liquid
(Cryogenic Fluids) |
Zirkelback, N., and L. San Andrés, 1996, "Bulk-Flow Model for the
Transition to Turbulence Regime in Annular Seals," STLE Tribology
Transactions, Vol.39, 4, pp. 835-842 ( STLE Paper 96-AM-7B-3) |
San Andrés,
L., Yang, Z. and Childs, D., 1993, "Thermal Effects in Cryogenic Liquid
Annular Seals, I: Theory and Approximate Solutions", ASME Journal of
Tribology, Vol. 115, 2, pp. 267-276 |
Yang, Z.,
San Andrés, L. and Childs, D., 1993, "Thermal Effects in Cryogenic
Liquid Annular Seals, II: Numerical Solution and Results", ASME Journal
of Tribology, Vol. 115, 2, pp. 277-284 |
San Andrés,
L., 1993, "Effect of Shaft Misalignment on the Dynamic Force Response of
Annular Pressure Seals," STLE Tribology Transactions, Vol. 36, 2, pp.
173-182 |
San Andrés,
L., Yang, Z. and Childs, D., 1993, "Importance of Heat Transfer from
Fluid Film to Stator in Turbulent Flow Annular Seals," WEAR, Vol. 160,
pp. 269-277 |
San Andrés,
L., 1993, "Dynamic Force and Moment Coefficients for Short Length
Annular Seals, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 115, 1, pp. 61-70 |
San Andrés,
L., Yang, Z. and Childs, D., 1992, "Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of
Cryogenic Liquid Annular Seals," 5th NASA Conference on Advanced
Earth-to-Orbit Propulsion Technology, |
San Andrés,
L., 1991 "Analysis of Variable Fluid Properties, Turbulent Annular
Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 113, pp. 694-702 |
Reports to the Turbomachinery Research Consortium (TRC)
TRC-Seal-01-22 Torres, J., and San
Andrés, L., “Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of a Pocket
Damper Seal and Labyrinth Seal Operating with Wet Gas”
TRC-Seal-01-21 Torres, J., and San
Andrés, L., “Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for a Stepped
Labyrinth Seal and a Stepped Pocket Damper Seal Supplied with Wet Gas”
TRC-Seal-01-20 Wu, T., and San Andrés, L.,”A COMPUTATIONAL
FLUID DYNAMICS MODIFIED FRICTION FACTOR AND LEAKAGE MODEL FOR AN IMPROVED
BULK-FLOW ANALYSIS OF LABYRINTH GAS SEALS”
TRC-Seal-02-20 Lu, X., and San Andrés, L., “A
NONHOMOGENEOUS BULK FLOW MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC FORCED
PERFORMANCE OF TWO PHASE FLOW ANNULAR SEALS”
TRC-Seal-03-20 Yang, J., and San Andrés, L., “A Simple Two-Phase Flow Model
for prediction of leakage in Wet Gas labyrinth seals and Pocket Damper
Seals”
TRC-Seal-04-20 Yang, J., and San Andrés, L., “MAKING BETTER
SWIRL BRAKES USING CFD: PERFORMANCE
ASSESSMENT AND GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION”
TRC-Seal-01-19 Wu, T., and San
Andrés, L., “IMPROVED PREDICTION OF LEAKAGE IN GAS
LABYRINTH SEALS USING AN UPDATED KINETIC ENERGY CARRY-OVER COEFFICIENT”
TRC-Seal-02-19 Yang, J., San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., “On the Leakage and
Dynamic force coefficients of a Novel Stepped Shaft Pocket Damper Seal:
Experimental Results and CFD Model verification”
TRC-SEAL-01-18 Lu, L., and San Andrés, L., “EXPERIMENTAL LEAKAGE AND DYNAMIC FORCED PERFORMANCE OF A GROOVED WET
(BUBBLY) LIQUID SEAL”
TRC-SEAL-02-18 Wu, T., and San Andrés, L., “GAS LABYRINTH
SEALS: ON THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRY AND OPERATING CONDITIONS ON FLOW FRICTION
FACTORS – A CFD INVESTIGATION”
TRC-SEAL-03-18 Yang, J, and San Andrés, L., “A CFD MODEL FOR
PREDICTION OF LEAKAGE AND DYNAMIC FORCE COEFFICIENTS IN POCKET DAMPER SEALS:
FROM GAS TO A WET GAS”
TRC-Seal-01-17 San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., “Leakage and Rotordynamic Force
Coefficients of a Three-wave (Air in Oil) Wet
Annular Seal: Measurements and Predictions”
TRC-Seal-02-17 San Andrés, L., and Wu, T., “An Improved Bulk-flow Analysis for
Interlocking Labyrinth Gas Seals: Leakage and Force Coefficients”
TRC-Seal-01-16 San Andrés L., and Lu, X., “Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients
in an (Air in Oil) Wet Seal: Influence of Shaft Speed”
TRC-Seal-01-15 Liu, Q., Lu, X., and San
Andrés, L., “Measurement of Leakage and Estimation of Force Coefficients in a
Short Length Annular Seal Supplied with a Liquid/Gas Mixture (Stationary Journal)”
TRC-Seal-02-15 Wu, T., and San Andrés, L., “Issues and Considerations for the
Accurate Modeling of Long, Grooved Annular Seals for Pumps”
TRC-Seal-01-14 San Andrés, L. and Liu, Q., “Flow Rates in a Short Length Wet (Bubbly)
Seal and Test Rig Re-Design”
TRC-SEAL-01-13 San Andrés, L., and
TRC-SEAL-02-13 San Andrés, L., and Shan, W.,
“Predictions vs. Test Results for Leakage and
Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of a Fully Partitioned Pocket Damper Seals and
a Labyrinth Seal – Limitations of the Current Computational Model”
TRC-SEAL-02-11 San Andrés, L., “Comparison of Leakage between a Labyrinth
Seal and an All-Metal Compliant Gas Seal at High Temperature”
TRC-Seal-1-08 Delgado, A., and San Andrés, L., “A Novel FE Lubrication Model for
Improved Predictions of Force Coefficients in Off-Centered Grooved Oil Seals”
TRC-SEAL-3-05 Delgado, A., and
L. San Andrés, “Identification of Structural Stiffness and Damping in a Shoed
Brush Seal”
TRC-SEAL-3-00 San Andrés, L., and R.
Aguilar, “Leakage and Dynamic Response of a Hybrid Brush Seal-Gas Damper
Seal”
TRC-SEAL-7-98 Zirkelback, N., and L. San Andrés, “Computational
Analysis of Spiral Groove Thrust Bearings and Face Seals”
TRC-Seal-8-98 Ransom, D., and L. San Andrés, “Identification of Dynamic Force
Coefficients of a Labyrinth and Gas Damper Seals Using Impact Load
Excitations”.
TRC-Seal-9-98 Li, J., and L.
San Andrés, “A Bulk-Flow Model of Multiple Blade, Multiple Pocket Gas Damper
Seals”
TRC-Seal-4-97 Ransom, D., and
L. San Andrés, “Identification of Force Coefficients from a Gas Annular Seal,
Effect of Transition Regime to Turbulence”
TRC-SEAL-7-97 Zirkelback, N., and L. San Andrés, “Computational
Analysis of Compressible Fluid Spiral Groove Face Seals”
TL-SEAL-2-97 Li, J., L. San Andrés, and J. Vance, “A Bulk-Flow Analysis of a
Novel Gas Damper Seal”
TRC-SEAL-3-95 Zirkelback, N., and L. San Andrés, "Annular Seal Bulk-Flow Model for the
Transition to Turbulence Regime: Numerical Predictions”
TRC-SEAL-2-90 San Andrés, L., "Analysis of High Pressure Oil Seals”