Publications on Annular Clearance Pressure Seals                      July 18, 2024

 

MAJOR APPLICATION:  Process fluid lubrication, compressor and pumps High Speed / High Pressure Turbulent Flow Seals

Sponsors: NASA Glenn RC (1993-1996), Pratt & Whitney (1992-93), Torishima Pumps, MHI, TAMU Turbomachinery Research Consortium (TRC)

 

MAJOR TOPICS: Select below

Gas Seals: Wet Gas Seals, Honeycomb, Pocket Damper & Labyrinth Seals

Liquid Seals: Turbulent Flow Annular Seals, including 2-phase flow (wet)

Bulk flow models and CFD models

Available TRC reports 1990-2022

 

Reviews

 

San Andrés, L., 2023, “A Review of Turbine and Compressor Aerodynamic Forces in Turbomachinery”, Lubricants 2023, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11010026  (Special Issue Fluid–Structure Interaction in Bearings and Seals)

 

San Andrés, L., and Delgado, A., 2022, “Annular Clearance Seals in the 21st Century: a Review of the Experimental Record on Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients, Including Comparisons of Model Predictions to Test Data.”  https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/197707

51st Turbomachinery and Pump Symposia, The Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Sept. 13, Houston, TX

 

Invited

World Tribology Congress – July 11-15 (Lyon, France) 2022 – Keynote Lecture

On Pump Seals Operating with Multiple Phase Conditions: Measurements and Gas Injection to Increase Seal Centering Stiffness

 

San Andrés, L., Delgado. A., 2022, “Annular Clearance Seals: Models and Measurements for Leakage, Force Coefficients and their Effect on Rotor Stability,” (Tutorial), 2022 Asia Turbomachinery Symposium, May, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 

Torres, J., San Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2022, “Leakage and Dynamic Force coefficients for a Stepped Shaft Labyrinth Seal and a Stepped Pocket Damper Seal,” (Lecture), 2022 Asia Turbomachinery Symposium, May, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Childs, D., Yang, J., San Andrés, L., Torres, R., and Moreland, A., 2021, “Measured Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients for the Following Liquid Annular Seals: (a) Smooth-Rotor/Grooved-Stator, and  (b) Grooved-Rotor/Smooth-Stator,” (Lecture), 2021 (Virtual) Asia Turbomachinery Symposium, February, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Delgado. A., San Andrés, L., Thiele, J., Yang, J., and Cangioli, F., 2020, “Rotordynamic Performance of a Fully-Partitioned Damper Seal: Experimental and Numerical Results,” Proc. of the 49th Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia, Houston, TX (December) https://tps.tamu.edu

 

San Andrés, L., Yang, J., and Kawashita, R., 2021, “Measurement and Prediction of Leakage and Cavity Pressures in a 0.3 mm Clearance Interlocking Labyrinth Seal With Three Swirl Brake Designs,” KRMEA-19, Conference of the Korean Rotating Machinery Engineering Association, Seoul, South Korea, November.

 

San Andrés, L, and Lu, L., and Z. Jie, 2018, “Leakage and Force Coefficients for Pump Annular Seals Operating with Air/Oil Mixtures: Measurements Vs Predictions and Air Injection to Increase Seal Dynamic Stiffness,” Turbomachinery and Pump Symposia, The Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, September, Houston, https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/175007

 

San Andrés, L, Lu, L., and Z. Jie, 2018, “On the Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of Pump Annular Seals Operating with Air/Oil Mixtures: Measurements and Predictions,” II Asia Turbomachinery and Pump Symposium, The Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Mar. 13–15, Singapore, http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/172516

 

Wet & Bubbly Seals (Multiple phase)

 

San Andrés, L., Lu, X., and Wu, Tingcheng, 2024, “Wet (Bubbly Liquid) Seals for Multiphase Pumps: Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients of Two seals and a Simple Way to Control Seal Stiffness in Vertical Pump Configurations.” Turbomachinery and Pump Symposia, The Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, August, Houston,

 

Torres, J., and San Andrés, L., 2024, “Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of Two Seal Types Operating with Wet Gas,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 146(3): 031016, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063551 ASME Paper GT2023-100555.

 

Yang, J., Tran, D., and San Andrés, L., 2023, “Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis and Experimental Results for the Dynamic Performance of Two Long Smooth Surface Annular Seals Operating With a Liquid in Air Mixture,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 145(11): 111012, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063309  (ASME Paper GT2023-103202)

 

Torres, J., San Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2023, “A Stepped Shaft Labyrinth Seal vs. a Pocket Damper Seal: Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients under Wet Gas Operation,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 145(1): 011006. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055665 (ASME 2022-82280).

 

Wu, T., San Andres, L, and Lu, X, 2022, “Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of the Influence of Gas Content on the Rotordynamic Force Coefficients for a Circumferentially Grooved Annular Seal for Multiple Phase Pumps,” ASME J. Tribology Vol. 144(11): 111803,  https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4054757

 

Lu, X., San Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2022, “A Nonhomogeneous Bulk Flow Model for Gas in Liquid Flow Annular Seals: An Effort to Produce Engineering Results,” ASME J. Tribology Vol. 144(6): 062302, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4052678

 

San Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2021,”An Analytical Two-Phase Flow Model for Prediction of Leakage in Wet Gas Labyrinth Seals and Pocket Damper Seals. Is Simplicity Still Desired?” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 143(12): 121016, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051916 (ASME GT2021-58958).

 

Lu, X., San Andrés, L., and Wu, T., 2020, “Leakage and Force Coefficients of a Grooved Wet (Bubbly Liquid) Seal for Multiple Phase Pumps and Comparisons with Prior Results for a Three Wave Seal,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 142(1):011011, DOI:10.1115/1.4044682 (ASME GT2019-90254)

 

Yang, J, San Andrés, L., and, Lu, X., 2019, “Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients of a Pocket Damper Seal Operating Under a Wet Gas condition: Tests vs. Predictions,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(11):111001, DOI: 10.1115/1.4044307 (ASME GT2019-90331).

 

Lu, X., San Andrés, L., and Wu, T., 2019, “Leakage and Force Coefficients of a Grooved Wet (Bubbly Liquid) Seal for Multiple Phase Pumps,” ASME GT2019-90254

 

Lu, X., and San Andrés, L., 2019, “Step Clearance Seals: An Analysis to Demonstrate Their Unique Performance,” ASME J. Tribology, Vol. 141(3), 032203, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041719

 

San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., 2019, “Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients of a Three-Wave (Air in Oil) Wet Annular Seal: Measurements and Predictions,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(3), 032503, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041270 (ASME GT20018-75200)

 

San Andrés, L., Yang, J., and Xu, L., 2019, “On the Leakage, Torque and Dynamic Force Coefficients of an Air in Oil (Wet) Annular Seal: a CFD Analysis Anchored to Test Data,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(2), 021008, DOI: 10.1115/1.4040766 (ASME GT20018-77140)

 

San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., 2018, “Leakage, Drag Power and Rotordynamics Force Coefficients of an Air in Oil (Wet) Annular Seal,“ ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 140(1), 012505. DOI: 10.1115/1.4037622 (ASME GT2017-63254). 2018 Best Bearings & Seals Paper Award –ASME (IGTI)

 

San Andrés, L., Liu, Q., and Lu, X., 2016, “Measurements of Flowrate and Force Coefficients in a Short Length Annular Seal Supplied with a Liquid/Gas Mixture (Stationary Journal), STLE Trib. Tran, Vol. 59(4), pp. 758-767. DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2015.1102370

 

San Andrés, L., 2012, “Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of Bubbly Mixture Annular Pressure Seals,”ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 134 (Feb), p. 022503. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004130 [ASME Paper GT2011-45264]

 

CFD Seals

Yang, J., and San Andrés, L., 2022, “Making Better Swirl Brakes Using Computational Fluid Dynamics: Performance Enhancement From Geometry Variation,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 144(2): 021027, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051962  (ASME GT2021-58956).

 

San Andrés, L., and Wu, T., 2020, “Gas Labyrinth Seals: Improved Prediction of Leakage in Gas Labyrinth Seals Using an Updated Kinetic Energy Carry-Over Coefficient,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 142(12): 21012,   https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048434 (ASME GT2020-14167).

 

Wu, T., and San Andrés, L, 2019, “Gas Labyrinth Seals: On the Effect of Clearance and Operating Conditions on Wall Friction Factors – a CFD Investigation,” Tribology International, Vol. 131, pp. 363-376.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.046

 

Wu, T. and San Andrés, L., 2019, “Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for Two Labyrinth Gas Seals: Teeth-on-Stator and Interlocking Configurations. A CFD approach to their Performance,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(4), 042501, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041123 (ASME GT20018-75205)

 

Yang, J., and San Andrés, L., 2019, “On the Influence of the Entrance Section on the Rotordynamic Performance of a Pump Seal with Uniform Clearance: a Sharp Edge vs. a Round Inlet,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(3), 032109, DOI: 10.1115/1.4040742 (ASME GT20018-75414)

 

San Andrés, L., and Yang, J., 2018, “The Influence of Corner Shape on the Static and Dynamic Performance on an Annular Pressure Seal,” Proc. Global Power and Propulsion Society Forum 18, Zurich, Switzerland, 10-12 January 2018, Paper GPPS-2018-55 (www.gpps.global )

 

Honeycomb, Pocket Damper & Labyrinth Seals – Annular Clearance Gas Seals

 

San Andrés, L., and Kawashita, R., 2024, “Measurement and Prediction of Leakage and Cavity pressures in an Interlocking Labyrinth Seals Configured with Three Swirl Brake Designs.” Turbomachinery and Pump Symposia, The Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, August, Houston,

 

Delgado, A., San Andrés, L., Thiele, J., and Yang, J., 2023, “Experimental Force Coefficients for a Fully-Partitioned Pocket Damper Seal and Comparison to Other Two Seal Types,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 145(5): 051019. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4056347  (ASME GT2022-83164)

 

San Andrés, L., Yang, J., and Kawashita, R., 2021, “On the Effect of Clearance on the Leakage and Cavity Pressures in an Interlocking Labyrinth Seal Operating With and Without Swirl Brakes: Experiments and Predictions,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 143(3): 031003, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048777 (ASME GT2020-14152).

 

Yang, J., San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., 2021, “On the Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients of a Novel Stepped Shaft Pocket Damper Seal: Experimental and Numerical Verification,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 143(3): 031002, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048459   (ASME GT2020-14153).

 

San Andrés, L., Wu, T., Barajas, J., Zhang, J., and Kawashita, R., 2019, “Leakage and Cavity Pressures in an Interlocking Labyrinth Gas Seal: Measurements vs. Predictions,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(10):101007, DOI: 10.1115/1.4044284 (ASME GT2019-91507).

 

Wu, T., and San Andrés, L., 2019, “Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for Two Labyrinth Gas Seals: Teeth-on-Stator and Interlocking Configurations. A CFD approach to their Performance,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 141(4), 042501, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041123 (ASME GT20018-75205)

 

San Andrés, L., and Soulas, T., 2007, “A Bulk Flow Model for Off-Centered Honeycomb Gas Seals,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 129, pp. 185-194. (ASME Paper 2002-GT-30286)

Li, J., L. San Andrés, R. Aguilar, and J.M. Vance, 2000, “Dynamic Force Coefficients of a Multiple-Blade, Multiple-Pocket Gas Damper Seal: Test Results and Analytical Validation," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 122, 1, pp. 317-322 (ASME Paper 99-TRIB-35).

Li, J., Ransom, D., L. San Andrés, and J.M. Vance, 1999, "Comparison of Predictions with Test Results for Rotordynamic Coefficients of a Four-Pocket Gas Damper Seal," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 121, 2, pp. 363-369 (ASME Paper 98-TRIB-29).

Ransom, D., J. Li, L. San Andrés, and J.M. Vance, 1999, "Experimental Force Coefficients for a Two-Bladed Labyrinth Seal and a Four-Pocket Damper Seal," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 121, 2, pp. 370-376 (ASME Paper 98-TRIB-28).

Li, J., San Andrés, L., and J. Vance, 1999, "Bulk Flow Analysis of Multiple-Pocket Gas Damper Seals," ASME Journal of Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 121, 2, pp. 355-362 (ASME Paper 98-GT-013).

Ransom, D., and L. San Andrés, 1999, "Identification of Force Coefficients from a Gas Annular Seal, Effect of Transition Flow Regime to Turbulence," Tribology Transactions, 42, 3, pp. 487-494 (STLE Paper No. 98-NP-5G-3).

Marquette, O., D. Childs, and L. San Andrés, 1997, "Eccentricity Effects on the Rotordynamic Coefficients of Plain Annular Gas Seals: Theory Versus Experiment," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 119, 3, pp. 443-448(ASME Paper 96-TRIB-35).

Yang, Z., L. San Andrés and D. Childs, 1994, "Dynamic Force Performance of Gas Seals at Off-Center Conditions," STLE Tribology Transactions, Vol. 37, 1, pp. 33-44

Cardon, B.P, Vance, J.M., San Andrés, L. and Storace, A., 1993, "A Gas Operated Damper for Turbomachinery," ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 115, 2, pp. 383-389

 

Turbulent Flow Process Fluid Seals (CFD and BFM)

Childs, D., Yang, J., San Andrés, L., Torres, R., and Moreland, A., 2023, “Measured Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients for Two Liquid Annular Seal Configurations: Smooth-Rotor/Grooved-Stator versus Grooved-Rotor/Smooth-Stator,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 145(3): 031005. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055638 (ASME GT2022-80073).

Lu, X., and San Andrés, L., 2019, “Step Clearance Seals: An Analysis to Demonstrate Their Unique Performance,” ASME J. Trib, Vol. 141(3), 032203, DOI: 10.1115/1.4041719

San Andrés, L., Wu, T., Maeda, H., and Ono, T., 2018, “A Computational Fluid Dynamics Modified Bulk-Flow Analysis for Circumferentially Shallow Grooved Liquid Seals,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, Vol. 140(1), 012504. DOI: 10.1115/1.4037614  (ASME GT2017-63492)

San Andrés, L., T. Soulas, and P. Fayolle, 2007, “A Bulk Flow Model of Angled Injection Lomakin Bearing” ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 129, pp. 195-204. (ASME Paper 2002-GT-30287).

Bulk Flow Models: Liquid Seals for Cryogenic Turbo Pumps

Two-Phase Flow (Cryogenic Fluids)
Arauz, G., and L. San Andrés, 1998, "Analysis of Two Phase Flow in Cryogenic Damper Seals, I: Theoretical Model, " ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 120, pp. 221-227(ASME Paper 97-Trib-12)
Arauz, G., and L. San Andrés, 1998, "Analysis of Two Phase Flow in Cryogenic Damper Seals, II: Model Validation and Predictions," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 120, pp. 228-233 (ASME Paper 97-Trib-13)

Liquid (Cryogenic Fluids)

Zirkelback, N., and L. San Andrés, 1996, "Bulk-Flow Model for the Transition to Turbulence Regime in Annular Seals," STLE Tribology Transactions, Vol.39, 4, pp. 835-842 ( STLE Paper 96-AM-7B-3)

San Andrés, L., Yang, Z. and Childs, D., 1993, "Thermal Effects in Cryogenic Liquid Annular Seals, I: Theory and Approximate Solutions", ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 115, 2, pp. 267-276

Yang, Z., San Andrés, L. and Childs, D., 1993, "Thermal Effects in Cryogenic Liquid Annular Seals, II: Numerical Solution and Results", ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 115, 2, pp. 277-284

San Andrés, L., 1993, "Effect of Shaft Misalignment on the Dynamic Force Response of Annular Pressure Seals," STLE Tribology Transactions, Vol. 36, 2, pp. 173-182

San Andrés, L., Yang, Z. and Childs, D., 1993, "Importance of Heat Transfer from Fluid Film to Stator in Turbulent Flow Annular Seals," WEAR, Vol. 160, pp. 269-277

San Andrés, L., 1993, "Dynamic Force and Moment Coefficients for Short Length Annular Seals, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 115, 1, pp. 61-70

San Andrés, L., Yang, Z. and Childs, D., 1992, "Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of Cryogenic Liquid Annular Seals," 5th NASA Conference on Advanced Earth-to-Orbit Propulsion Technology, Huntsville, Alabama, May, NASA CP 3174, Vol. I, pp. 468-487

San Andrés, L., 1991 "Analysis of Variable Fluid Properties, Turbulent Annular Seals," ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 113, pp. 694-702

 

Reports to the Turbomachinery Research Consortium (TRC)

TRC-Seal-01-22 Torres, J., and San Andrés, L., “Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of a Pocket Damper Seal and Labyrinth Seal Operating  with Wet Gas”

TRC-Seal-01-21 Torres, J., and San Andrés, L., “Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for a Stepped Labyrinth Seal and a Stepped Pocket Damper Seal Supplied with Wet Gas”

TRC-Seal-01-20 Wu, T., and San Andrés, L.,”A COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS MODIFIED FRICTION FACTOR AND LEAKAGE MODEL FOR AN IMPROVED BULK-FLOW ANALYSIS OF LABYRINTH GAS SEALS”

TRC-Seal-02-20 Lu, X., and San Andrés, L., “A NONHOMOGENEOUS BULK FLOW MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC FORCED PERFORMANCE OF TWO PHASE FLOW ANNULAR SEALS”

TRC-Seal-03-20 Yang, J., and San Andrés, L., “A Simple Two-Phase Flow Model for prediction of leakage in Wet Gas labyrinth seals and  Pocket Damper Seals”

TRC-Seal-04-20 Yang, J., and San Andrés, L., “MAKING BETTER SWIRL BRAKES USING CFD:  PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AND GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION”

TRC-Seal-01-19 Wu, T., and San Andrés, L., “IMPROVED PREDICTION OF LEAKAGE IN GAS LABYRINTH SEALS USING AN UPDATED KINETIC ENERGY CARRY-OVER COEFFICIENT”  

TRC-Seal-02-19 Yang, J., San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., “On the Leakage and Dynamic force coefficients of a Novel Stepped Shaft Pocket Damper Seal: Experimental Results and CFD Model verification”

TRC-SEAL-01-18 Lu, L., and San Andrés, L., “EXPERIMENTAL LEAKAGE AND DYNAMIC FORCED PERFORMANCE OF A GROOVED WET (BUBBLY) LIQUID SEAL” 

TRC-SEAL-02-18 Wu, T., and San Andrés, L., “GAS LABYRINTH SEALS: ON THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRY AND OPERATING CONDITIONS ON FLOW FRICTION FACTORS – A CFD INVESTIGATION”

TRC-SEAL-03-18 Yang, J, and San Andrés, L., “A CFD MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF LEAKAGE AND DYNAMIC FORCE COEFFICIENTS IN POCKET DAMPER SEALS: FROM GAS TO A WET GAS”

TRC-Seal-01-17 San Andrés, L., and Lu, X., “Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of a Three-wave (Air in Oil) Wet Annular Seal: Measurements and Predictions”

TRC-Seal-02-17 San Andrés, L., and Wu, T., “An Improved Bulk-flow Analysis for Interlocking Labyrinth Gas Seals: Leakage and Force Coefficients”

TRC-Seal-01-16 San Andrés L., and Lu, X., “Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients in an (Air in Oil) Wet Seal: Influence of Shaft Speed”

TRC-Seal-01-15 Liu, Q., Lu, X., and San Andrés, L., “Measurement of Leakage and Estimation of Force Coefficients in a Short Length Annular Seal Supplied with a Liquid/Gas Mixture  (Stationary Journal)”

TRC-Seal-02-15 Wu, T., and San Andrés, L., “Issues and Considerations for the Accurate Modeling of Long, Grooved Annular Seals for Pumps”

TRC-Seal-01-14 San Andrés, L. and Liu, Q., “Flow Rates in a Short Length Wet (Bubbly) Seal and Test Rig Re-Design”

TRC-SEAL-01-13 San Andrés, L., and Anderson, A., “Gas Seal Leakage at High Temperature: a Labyrinth Seal and an All-Metal Compliant Seal of Similar Clearances”

TRC-SEAL-02-13 San Andrés, L., and Shan, W., “Predictions vs. Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of a Fully Partitioned Pocket Damper Seals and a Labyrinth Seal – Limitations of the Current Computational Model”

TRC-SEAL-02-11 San Andrés, L., “Comparison of Leakage between a Labyrinth Seal and an All-Metal Compliant Gas Seal at High Temperature”

TRC-Seal-1-08 Delgado, A., and San Andrés, L., “A Novel FE Lubrication Model for Improved Predictions of Force Coefficients in Off-Centered Grooved Oil Seals”

TRC-SEAL-3-05 Delgado, A., and L. San Andrés, “Identification of Structural Stiffness and Damping in a Shoed Brush Seal”

TRC-SEAL-3-00 San Andrés, L., and R. Aguilar, “Leakage and Dynamic Response of a Hybrid Brush Seal-Gas Damper Seal”

TRC-SEAL-7-98 Zirkelback, N., and L. San Andrés, “Computational Analysis of Spiral Groove Thrust Bearings and Face Seals”

TRC-Seal-8-98  Ransom, D., and L. San Andrés, “Identification of Dynamic Force Coefficients of a Labyrinth and Gas Damper Seals Using Impact Load Excitations”.

TRC-Seal-9-98 Li, J., and L. San Andrés, “A Bulk-Flow Model of Multiple Blade, Multiple Pocket Gas Damper Seals”

TRC-Seal-4-97 Ransom, D., and L. San Andrés, “Identification of Force Coefficients from a Gas Annular Seal, Effect of Transition Regime to Turbulence”

TRC-SEAL-7-97 Zirkelback, N., and L. San Andrés, “Computational Analysis of Compressible Fluid Spiral Groove Face Seals”

TL-SEAL-2-97  Li, J., L. San Andrés, and J. Vance, “A Bulk-Flow Analysis of a Novel Gas Damper Seal”

TRC-SEAL-3-95  Zirkelback, N., and L. San Andrés, "Annular Seal Bulk-Flow Model for the Transition to Turbulence Regime: Numerical Predictions”

TRC-SEAL-2-90  San Andrés, L., "Analysis of High Pressure Oil Seals”